Semiochemical attractants for the beech leaf‐mining weevil,<i><scp>O</scp>rchestes fagi</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The beech leaf‐mining weevil, O rchestes fagi L. ( C urculionidae: C urculioninae: R hamphini), a pest of European beech, F agus sylvatica L. ( F agaceae), was recently discovered infesting American beech, F agus grandifolia Ehrh., in Nova Scotia, Canada. Adult O . fagi feed on both young and mature leaves of beech as well as on other species (e.g., raspberry, R ubus spp.), but oviposition and larval feeding are restricted to beech. Females oviposit in young developing beech leaves at the time of bud burst. We characterized volatiles emitted from buds, leaves, and sapwood of American beech and examined their potential as attractants alone or when combined with other weevil pheromones for O . fagi . We predicted that adults would be attracted to volatiles emitted from beech leaves, especially those emitted from bursting beech buds. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ( GC / MS ) analyses of volatiles collected from buds at pre‐ and post‐budburst identified two diterpene hydrocarbons, 9‐geranyl‐ p ‐cymene ( 1 ) and 9‐geranyl‐α‐terpinene ( 2a ), that were emitted in large amounts at the time of bud burst. Compound 1 significantly increased mean catch of males and total O . fagi (but not females) on sticky traps compared with unbaited controls. Y‐tube bioassays confirmed attraction of male O . fagi to bursting beech buds and compound 1 . Attraction of male O . fagi to 1 , emitted in large quantities from American beech, is likely adaptive because both oviposition and mating of O . fagi coincide with budburst. Our data suggest that traps baited with 1 may be useful for monitoring the spread of O . fagi in North America.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".