Graduate student self-concept and loneliness: A cross-cultural study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Drawing on the constructs of interdependent and independent self (Markus & Kitayama, 1991), this study looks at the relationship between self view and measured levels of loneliness in entry-level graduate students in six cultural contexts. Method: Utilizing purposive sampling data was collected from 536 entry-level graduate students in both cultures that could be characterized as more individualist (Austria, Canada and the United States) and more collectivist (Brazil, India and Jamaica) in their orientation. Data was collected via the CCSPI questionnaire and included responses to the Adult Source of Self-Esteem Inventory (Elovson & Fleming, 1989) as a measure of self-view, and the Revised UCLA loneliness scale (Russell, Peplau & Cutrona, 1980). Both correlational and multivariate analysis techniques were employed. Results include an inverse relationship between interdependent view of self and measured levels of loneliness. In addition, there were significant differences in both self-concept preference (interdependent vs. independent) and measured levels of loneliness across cultures. Conclusion: A students' view of self is influenced in part by the cultural context. Furthermore, the experience of loneliness varies across cultures. Implications are drawn regarding the emotional impact of graduate school based on preferred view of self. Recommendations are made for incorporating diversity into the process of graduate education.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".