Insights on the role of hox genes in the emergence of the pentadactyl ground state
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tetrapods are characterized by the presence of digits at the distal end of their limbs, which have emerged during the transition from fins to limbs. While variations in digit number are observed in extant tetrapods, most have five digits per limb and divergence from this pentadactyl ground state is always a reduction in digit number. Paleontological data revealed that stem-group tetrapods were polydactylous indicating that the evolution from fish fin to modern tetrapod limbs involved two major transitions; the emergence of digits and the shift from polydactyly to pentadactyly. The absence of living polydactyl tetrapod species is a major limitation in assessing the foundation of the pentadactyl constraint. Nonetheless, several genes having the capacity of modulating digit number have been identified and studying their functional and regulatory phylogeny will likely be critical in our comprehension of the emergence of the pentadactyl state. In this review, we provide an overview of the data obtained from mouse genetics that uncovered the role of Hox genes in controlling digit number and discuss regulatory changes that could have been implicated in the emergence of the pentadactyl ground state.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".