Reconstructing Past Rates of Atmospheric Dust Deposition in the Athabasca Bituminous Sands Region Using Peat Cores from Bogs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Open‐pit mining of the Athabasca Bituminous Sands generates considerable quantities of mineral dusts, but there is no published record of the amount of material deposited in the surrounding environment via the atmosphere since the industry began in 1967. Contemporary and past rates of atmospheric dust deposition were reconstructed using age‐dated peat cores (210Pb and 14C) collected from five bogs in the vicinity of mines and upgraders and from two bogs far removed from industrial activities. The main objective of this study was to quantify the impact of industry on dust emissions, and to do this, the variation in natural “background” rates of mineral matter accumulation also had to be determined. A second objective was to characterize the size, mineralogical composition, and morphology of the particulate matter emitted to better understand potential environmental consequences of dust emissions. The concentrations of acid insoluble ash and Th (a surrogate for insoluble mineral matter) were determined to calculate dust accumulation rates. Scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis failed to reveal much variation in mineralogical composition, but near industry, the size of the particles was more variable. The abundance of fly ash particles increased with depth, which suggests that emissions from upgrader stacks may have declined over time. A comparison of acid‐insoluble ash inventories with the pH of the porewaters suggests that the acid‐soluble ash fraction of the dusts deposited may have impacted the chemical composition of the bog waters. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".