The Long-Term Effects of ACL Reconstruction on Bilateral Limb Asymmetry in Elite Alpine Skiers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research on the causation and prevention of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)injuries in elite alpine skiers has been conducted for numerous years yet the incidenceof ACL injuries remains high for both female and male skiers. High rates of re-injuryare also prominent due to the internal muscular forces and external environmentalforces combined with known neuromuscular changes following ACL reconstruction(ACL-R). The objective of this study was to characterize long-term bilateral asymmetryin thigh volume and multi-joint movements in elite national alpine skiers. Seven femalenational skiers, 3 with ACL-R and 12 males, 4 with ACL-R performed two dynamicmulti-joint closed-chained movements: squat jumps (SJ) and countermovement jumps(CMJ). Vertical ground reaction forces of both legs was measured simultaneously via aPasco Passport 2-Axis Force Platform Model PS2142 at a sampling frequency of 500Hz. Five consecutive jumps were performed and the best trial was analyzed. DEXAscans measuring thigh muscle volume were also performed. The results showed thatACL-R skiers displayed a significant bilateral asymmetry in the final ascent phaseof jumping for both the SJ (p=0.0002) and CMJ (p=0.0007). The ACL-R skiers alsodisplayed a significantly greater bilateral asymmetry in thigh muscle volume (p=0.002).In conclusion ACL-R skiers exhibit long-term bilateral asymmetries despite long postoperativeperiods, rehabilitation and full return to sport. The mechanism underlyingthese asymmetries is unclear although future research should include attention onneural factors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".