An investigation into the genetic basis of variation in hypoxia tolerance in Atlantic salmon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Episodes of hypoxia are becoming more common along the British Columbia (BC) coast especially in the late summer. When dissolved oxygen drops below optimum levels, fish survival, growth and reproduction are affected; moreover, hypoxia can be lethal to fish, resulting in economic losses to salmon farmers. As a first step towards addressing this challenge for BC salmon farmers, the objectives of this study were to characterize variation in hypoxia tolerance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) under culture conditions and identify the genetic basis of this variation in the strains of salmon used by the aquaculture producer Marine Harvest Canada. Using time-to-loss-of-equilibrium (LOE) following exposure to acute hypoxia (2.1 mg/L) as an index of hypoxia tolerance, I show that there are significant differences in hypoxia tolerance within and between the strains of Atlantic salmon examined. For adults in seawater, time-to-LOE at 2.1 mg/L DO ranged from 4.6 min to 126.9 min, and the McConnell strain had better hypoxia tolerance than the Mowi strain. A similar pattern was observed for smolts in freshwater, with time-to-LOE ranging from 4.5 min before 2.1 mg/L DO was reached to 355.4 min at 2.1 mg/L DO. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was used to identify single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in these strains for use in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). GWAS in adult fish in seawater revealed two SNPs associated with hypoxia tolerance using genome-wide FDR correction, and six SNPs associated with hypoxia tolerance using chromosome-wide FDR correction. In contrast, GWAS in smolts in freshwater identified one SNP using genome-wide FDR correction and one SNP using chromosome-wide FDR correction. There was no overlap in the SNPs identified as associated with hypoxia tolerance at these two life stages. In addition, I identified four significant SNPs associated with body mass in adults with chromosome-wide FDR correction and two SNPs associated with body mass with genome-wide FDR correction and fifty-eight SNPs associated with body mass with chromosome-wide FDR correction. These findings provide promise for follow-up work on SNP markers that could potentially be used for marker-assisted selection to improve hypoxia tolerance and growth in Atlantic salmon.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".