Self-reaction among athletes: Exploring the case for an under-studied aspect of self-regulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Self-reaction processes are important for self-regulation (Bandura, 1986; Zimmerman, 2000); however, no research has examined them in relation to sport expertise development. Sixty-eight athletes (31 m, 37 f, ages 13-18; involvement = 16.6 hrs/wk, SD = 9.3) completed 16 survey items representing five self-reaction variables (i.e., self-reward, self-punishment, task satisfaction, self-withholding, and natural rewards; Anderson & Prussia, 1997), questions on skill level (local to international), amounts of deliberate practice, and variables reflecting long-term striving. Exploratory factor analyses (direct obliminal) were performed on the 16 item pool, and after iterative deletion of problematic items (2 for natural rewards, 1 for self-punishment), a four-factor solution resulted (cumulative variance 63.3%): self-withholding (3 items; 32.9%; a = .85), self-reward (3 items; 9.7%; a = .88), self-punishment (3 items; 7.3%; a = .80), and a factor wherein natural rewards merged with task satisfaction (4 items; 13.5%; a = .75). We conducted initial tests of validity on scores for these factors. Skilled and less-skilled groups did not differ on any scale, ps > .07, and no scale showed an association with amounts of deliberate or physical practice, ps > .31. However, task satisfaction was associated with future sport self (r = .57, p < .001), suggesting that athletes focused on satisfying conditions related to practice also report a higher drive to reach the upper echelon of sport in the long-term. Task satisfaction (r = .37) and self-punishment (r = .31) correlated (ps < .01) with consideration of future consequences, with the latter relationship indicating that athletes who are harder on themselves following underachievement also report a greater focus on the long-term outcomes of their practice efforts.Acknowledgments: This research was funded by a grant from the Research Development Program and the Faculty of Health Sciences at University of Ottawa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".