Self-reaction among athletes: Exploring the case for an under-studied aspect of self-regulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Self-reaction processes are important for self-regulation (Bandura, 1986; Zimmerman, 2000); however, no research has examined them in relation to sport expertise development. Sixty-eight athletes (31 m, 37 f, ages 13-18; involvement = 16.6 hrs/wk, SD = 9.3) completed 16 survey items representing five self-reaction variables (i.e., self-reward, self-punishment, task satisfaction, self-withholding, and natural rewards; Anderson & Prussia, 1997), questions on skill level (local to international), amounts of deliberate practice, and variables reflecting long-term striving. Exploratory factor analyses (direct obliminal) were performed on the 16 item pool, and after iterative deletion of problematic items (2 for natural rewards, 1 for self-punishment), a four-factor solution resulted (cumulative variance 63.3%): self-withholding (3 items; 32.9%; a = .85), self-reward (3 items; 9.7%; a = .88), self-punishment (3 items; 7.3%; a = .80), and a factor wherein natural rewards merged with task satisfaction (4 items; 13.5%; a = .75). We conducted initial tests of validity on scores for these factors. Skilled and less-skilled groups did not differ on any scale, ps > .07, and no scale showed an association with amounts of deliberate or physical practice, ps > .31. However, task satisfaction was associated with future sport self (r = .57, p < .001), suggesting that athletes focused on satisfying conditions related to practice also report a higher drive to reach the upper echelon of sport in the long-term. Task satisfaction (r = .37) and self-punishment (r = .31) correlated (ps < .01) with consideration of future consequences, with the latter relationship indicating that athletes who are harder on themselves following underachievement also report a greater focus on the long-term outcomes of their practice efforts.Acknowledgments: This research was funded by a grant from the Research Development Program and the Faculty of Health Sciences at University of Ottawa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.016 | 0.029 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".