Coherent normalization for<i>in vivo</i>measurements of gadolinium in bone
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Recent evidence of gadolinium (Gd) deposition in bones of healthy individuals who have previously received Gd-based contrast agents (GBCAs) for MRI has led to a demand for in vivo measurement techniques. The technique of x-ray fluorescence provides a low risk and painless method to assess Gd deposition in bone, and has the potential to be a useful clinical tool. However, interpatient variability creates a challenge while performing in vivo measurements. APPROACH: We explored the use of coherent normalization, which involves normalizing the Gd K x-rays to the coherent scattered γ-ray from the excitation source, for bone Gd measurements through a series of phantom-based experiments and Monte Carlo simulations. MAIN RESULTS: We found coherent normalization is able to correct for variation in overlying tissue thickness over a wide range (0-12.2 mm). The Gd signal to coherent signal ratio is independent of tissue thickness for both experiments and Monte Carlo simulations. SIGNIFICANCE: Coherent normalization has been demonstrated to be used in practice with normal healthy adults to improve in vivo bone Gd measurements.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it