"How many more times?" Response-effect binding via observational learning requires more than 2 trials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Repeatedly performing a movement leads to the automatic association and binding together of the underlying response codes leading to the movement and perceptual codes representing the effect of the movement. This response-effect (R-E) association is considered bidirectional in nature such that the activation of one code automatically activates the other. Research has indicated that bidirectional R-E associations are not only acquired through active action experiences, but also through observation. The current research investigated whether R-E associations could be acquired via 2 or 50 observational acquisition trials. Twenty participants completed a pre-test, acquisition phase and a post-test. The pre- and post-test were identical and consisted of 50 trials of a free-choice task in which participants could press either the right or left button following the presentation of a low or high tone. During the acquisition phase, participants observed a model executing right or left button-presses. Each button-press was followed by a specific tone to create the R-E association (high tone followed left button-press and low tone followed a right button-press). Half of the participants completed 50 acquisition trials whereas the other half completed 2 acquisition trials. The learning of R-E associations was evaluated by comparing the number of responses chosen by the participants that were compatible with the preceding tone (e.g., left button press following a high tone) that were executed in the pre- and post-test phases. Analyses revealed a significant interaction between Time (pre, post) and Group (2, 50) for frequency of compatible response choices. Participants who completed 50 acquisition trials demonstrated a preference to interact with the button that was compatible with the effect tone. Participants who completed 2 acquisition trials did not demonstrate this preference. The current study established that 50 trials are sufficient for one to establish observational R-E associations, whereas only 2 observations are not.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".