Landscape and groundwater controls over boreal lake water chemistry and water balance heterogeneity in an esker complex of northeastern Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Water chemistry and water isotopic composition were investigated in a set of 50 boreal lakes located at different elevations in an esker system near Timmins, Ontario, as well as in local streams, groundwater springs and information available from seasonal precipitation values. Analyses focused on stable isotopic ratios of hydrogen and oxygen, as well as specific conductance as indicators of the position of a lake with respect to the influence of groundwater. Both isotopic composition and specific conductance distinguished higher elevation groundwater discharge lakes from lower elevation groundwater recharge lakes. Groundwater recharge lakes characterized by enriched isotopic values and low values of specific conductance are located above the hydraulic midline elevation of the study lakes. In contrast groundwater discharge lakes, were isotopically depleted and had higher values of specific conductance, and occurred below the hydraulic midline of the study lakes. An intermediate group of lakes was also defined (termed seepage lakes) and consisted of either recharge lakes that were alkaline, or discharge lakes that had no outlet. The seepage lakes group had intermediate isotopic and water chemistry characteristics compared to recharge and discharge lakes. A classification scheme for lakes was developed based on the specific conductivity, water isotopic composition, the presence of an outlet, and other characteristic to define three types of recharge lakes, and two types of discharge lakes. Interannual (2013 and 2014) and seasonal differences in water chemistry between (early June and August) revealed that upland groundwater recharge lakes showed evidence of evaporative drawdown, indicating sensitivity to short-term changes in climate, whereas the lower-elevation discharge showed little variation between seasonal samples, and consequently would be affected by hydroclimatological changes of greater duration and persistence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".