Performance and Movement in Relation to Postmetamorphic Body Size in a Pond-Breeding Amphibian
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examined the effect of body size on locomotor performance and movement behavior in early postmetamorphic toadlets of Fowler's Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri). Dispersal, if strictly density dependent, should be favored among the relatively small toadlets that emerge from crowded growth conditions, but not among the relatively large toadlets that result from low-density conditions; however, smaller toadlets may have less physical capability to disperse than larger toadlets. The net result may thus be that actual dispersal probability is greatest among intermediate-sized toadlets. Using toadlets of various sizes purposefully raised by manipulating their densities as tadpoles, we tested toadlet locomotor jumping endurance in relation to body size. We also compared the animals' initial body size against their overall movements in the wild, determined using capture–recapture methods, over 2 yr as they grew from toadlets to adults. We calculated movement rate and dispersal probability for each individual recaptured more than twice and determined whether successful movement strategies were correlated or uncorrelated. Our results show that toadlets of intermediate size are most likely to disperse farthest, even though they do not necessarily exhibit the highest levels of endurance. Therefore, knowledge of individual life experience across multiple life stages may be necessary to understand dispersal tendencies in amphibians and may be required in future studies aiming to predict dispersal and population dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".