Influence of Temperature on Development of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) Progrediens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There are three generations of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, that develop on the secondary host Tsuga spp. Two of these generations, the progrediens and sexupara, are present concurrently in the spring. Sistens are present from early summer until the following spring. Constant temperature studies were conducted to quantify the influence of temperature on hemlock woolly adelgid progrediens development and to develop a degree-day model. Progrediens development in the field also was sampled to test the accuracy of the model. Hemlock woolly adelgid progrediens developed at temperatures ranging from 4 to 22°C. Duration of first-instar progrediens was less dependent on temperature than in the other nymphal stages and may have been a result of the difficulty in determining the median point of settled first-instar nymphs and the inability to distinguish progrediens from sexuparae at this stage. Duration of development from second stadium to adult was highly dependent on temperature. Using this range of progrediens stages, it was determined that the low temperature threshold was 3.9°C and requires 222 degree-days to reach the adult stage. The number of degree-days needed to complete development in the field ranged from 110 to 123% of degree-days required to complete development in the laboratory.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".