Aggregation and fractal dimension of aggregates formed in sand dunes stabilized by <scp>P</scp> istachio <scp>PAM</scp> and <scp>P</scp> istachio <scp>PVA</scp> c mulches
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wind erosion is a serious environmental problem that has received increased attention by attracting the interest of academics, policy makers and the public. In this study, the effects of combined mulches (denoted as P istachio PAM and P istachio PVAc , used for stabilizing the sand dunes in the D avaran plain in southeastern I ran) on aggregate formation and stability indices were investigated by the theory of fractal geometry. In addition, the temporal changes in soil organic carbon ( SOC ) content and microbial respiration rate ( MRR ) in the soils treated with the mulches were compared with the control samples during a 5‐month experiment. The results showed significant ( P < 0.01) increases in the SOC content and MRR following the application (1.5 l m −2 ) of P istachio PVAc and P istachio PAM mulches. The rate of release of CO 2 was measured in the soils treated with the mulches studied. The largest rate of CO 2 release from the three samples taken in weeks 2, 5 and 19 from the beginning of the experiment was about 23.0 µg‐ CO 2 day −1 g −1 soil. The smallest and largest mean weight diameters ( MWD ) of the aggregates formed were observed in the control (0.06 mm) and the P istachio PVAc (1.38 mm) treatments, respectively. The use of mulches had significant ( P < 0.01) effects on the fractal dimension of aggregates. The more stable and coarser aggregates formed in the presence of P istachio PVAc had the smallest fractal dimension. The largest negative correlation between the properties investigated and the fractal dimension was for SOC and MWD . Therefore, it appears that the theory of fractal dimensions is useful for explaining the temporal variation of aggregate stability in soil stabilized by combined mulches. Highlights Effects of combined mulches on aggregate formation were investigated with fractal geometry theory ( FGT ). The more stable and coarser aggregates formed in the presence of P istachio PVA mulch had the smallest fractal dimension. Mulches increased soil organic carbon and microbial respiration significantly ( P < 0.01). The FGT might be useful for explaining the temporal variation in aggregate stability of stabilized sand dunes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".