The Uncertainties of Life in Canada: A Comparison of the African American Communities at Wilberforce and Buxton in Ontario, Canada from 1820-1872
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper addresses two important black settlements in Ontario, Canada.Wilberforce and Elgin, why one failed and one succeeded.My research shows that the Wilberforce settlement failed because of the impact that the enforcement of Ohio slave laws had on the slaves' decision to flee Cincinnati hastily.Also, the timing of the Wilberforce settlers' flight into Canada, their lack of leadership, lack of job skills and education, the specific location of their settlement in Canada, and their inability to switch from single-crop farming to subsistence farming are some of the factors that affected Wilberforce's ability to thrive in Canada.The Elgin settlement succeeded because of the leadership qualities of Reverend William King, his organizational skills, his contacts in Canada that assisted him in purchasing land that would benefit his former slaves and the impact the Canadian Railway Company had on providing jobs for the Elgin settlers.King had a paternalistic relationship with his ex-slaves and this led to an orderly departure and arrival from the United States to Canada that helped the Elgin settlers become more accepted into Canadian society.I utilized primary sources such as letters and memoirs from both settlements which contributed significantly to my understanding of Wilberforce's and Elgin's past.The William King Collection from the National Archives of Canada provided insight into the Elgin settlement's ability to thrive in Canada.It is a wonderful primary source set on the organizational style of King and how he taught the former slaves to survive and prosper in Canada.Austin Steward, Twenty-Two as a Slave and Forty Years a Freeman (1857) provided iii insight on being a slave and freeman and what impact Steward's leadership had on the Wilberforce settlement.A number of variables led Wilberforce and Elgin in opposite directions which capitulated into each settlement taking a different trajectory.The implications of each settlement's place in history has had a profound affect upon the continuation of their legacies.Lessons learned from the past can greatly reduced the same mistakes from occurring in the future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.032 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".