Tissue Distribution of Substituted Diphenylamine Antioxidants and Benzotriazole Ultraviolet Stabilizers in White Sucker (<i>Catostomus commersonii</i>) from an Urban Creek in Canada
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Substituted diphenylamine antioxidants (SDPAs) and benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BZT-UVs) have been detected in aquatic organisms, but little is known about their tissue distribution and elimination in wildlife. This study investigates the distribution of SDPAs and BZT-UVs in blood plasma, bile, liver, and carcass (without gill and internal organs) of white sucker ( Catostomus commersonii ) and evaluates the extent of biliary excretion in fish. Fish were collected from a creek upstream and downstream of an urban area in Ontario, Canada. Downstream fish showed levels of contamination of many target compounds [e.g., 4,4′-bis(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)diphenylamine and monononyl-diphenylamine] higher than those of upstream fish, indicating the input of these contaminants from the urban area. The concentration (wet weight) of target compounds generally decreased in the following order: liver > carcass homogenate ≥ bile > plasma. This indicates that liver is a major tissue for accumulation of these contaminants in fish. Tissue-specific partition coefficients suggest that SDPAs tend to partition from plasma to liver and that the biliary excretion of these contaminants is a relatively minor pathway of elimination. Only monobutyl-diphenylamine was effectively excreted via bile. Our results suggest that future studies should focus on the liver toxicities and biotransformation of these contaminants to improve our understanding of their environmental risks.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it