Fluorinated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Binuclear Probes in <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>19</sup>F Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The development of molecular and cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures has always represented a challenge because of the fact that conventional MRI contrast agents are not directly detected in vivo; in proton MRI (e.g., with the nucleus 1 H), their local concentration is measured through the effect they exert on the signal of hydrogen protons present in their immediate vicinity. Because the contrast effects generated by conventional MRI probes superpose to and can often impede the anatomical information contained in 1 H MRI images, new probes based on a nucleus other than 1 H, are being developed. In this study, we report on the development of fluorinated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), which could represent an interesting dual probe that allows two MRI modes: 1 H for high-resolution anatomical information and 19 F for the detection of MSNs used as drug delivery agents. MSNs were synthesized and covalently functionalized either with fluorosilane (FMSNs) or polyfluorosiloxane (polyFMSNs) to enable their detection in 19 F MRI. Then, gadolinium chelates were grafted on the particles to enhance their detectability in 1 H MRI. The physicochemical, textural, and relaxometric properties ( 1 H and 19 F relaxation times) of the nanoparticles were measured and compared. The 19 F relaxation properties were found to be dependent on the concentration of fluorine; they were also highly sensitive to the presence of gadolinium. The shortest relaxation times were obtained with polyFMSNs. At clinical magnetic field strengths, high 1 H relaxivities and low relaxometric ratios ( r 2 / r 1 = 1.45; 2.2 for nanoparticles entrapped in hydrogel) were found for both nanoparticle systems. Finally, the visibility of both systems was confirmed in 1 H, and the detectability of polyFMSNs was confirmed in 19 F MRI. This physicochemical and relaxometric study opens the door to the applications of fluorinated silica nanoparticles as theranostic materials allowing dual MRI ( 1 H and 19 F).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".