The Great Recession, Health, and Health Inequalities in Adolescents in North America, Europe, and Israel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The recent economic recession, documented to have lasted from December 2007 to June 2009 and labeled as the “Great Recession,” has affected prospects for financial security and health among populations of many countries. Recent research about the health impacts of the Great Recession has predominantly focused on adults. This chapter explores the extent to which the Great Recession relates to changes in health and socioeconomic health inequalities in adolescents (aged 11 to 15 years) in Europe, North America, and Israel. Using data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study that were collected before the onset of the recent recession (in 2005/2006) and a few years after it began (in 2009/2010), we found that changes in both national prevalence rates and socioeconomic inequalities in psychological health complaints were mostly modest during the Great Recession. Moreover, the effects of the Great Recession, indicated by change rates in youth and adult unemployment between 2005/2006 and 2009/2010, did not significantly correlate to psychological health complaints and socioeconomic inequalities in psychological health complaints. From a cross-national perspective, health and socioeconomic health inequalities in adolescence appear to have been unaffected by the Great Recession. Introduction The recent economic recession, documented to have lasted from December 2007 to June 2009 and labeled as “Great Recession,” has affected prospects for financial security and health among populations of many countries. Like economic downturns in the past, the recent recession threatens living conditions and individual well-being through the anticipated and actual losses of economic and social security (Burgard, Ailshire, and Kalousova 2013; Catalano et al. 2011; Karanikolos et al. 2013; Modreck et al. 2013; Stuckler and Basu 2013; Suhrcke and Stuckler 2012). A number of studies on adults have found detrimental impacts of the recent recession on mental and physical health as well as on different health behaviors. Its onset in 2007 was accompanied by a rise in suicides in Greece (Economou et al. 2011), Italy (De Vogli, Marmot, and Stuckler 2013a, 2013b; De Vogli, Vieno, and Lenzi 2014; Pompili et al. 2014), Spain (López Bernal et al. 2013), the United Kingdom (Barr et al. 2012), the United States (Reeves et al. 2012), and across Europe (Karanikolos et al. 2013; Reeves, McKee, and Stuckler 2014; Stuckler et al. 2009) and the world (Chang et al. 2013).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".