Thermogravimetric investigation of spent shiitake substrate to solid biofuel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In order to minimize environmental problems related to the generation and disposal of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) from mushroom cultivation activities, this study aimed to evaluate the thermal behaviour of the spent shiitake substrate (SSS) and its resulting biochar. Analyzing biochars produced at a temperature of 350 °C (BC350) was found to be that with the highest energy potential due to a reduced amount of resulting ash and nitrogen, and larger amounts of carbon, hydrogen, fixed carbon, as well as a higher calorific value, gravimetric yield, and gravimetric yield factor. SSS and BC350 were used in thermogravimetric and kinetic analyses. Thermogravimetric analyses were carried out at three heating rates, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min in an oxidizing atmosphere. Conversion steps relating to water loss and degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin have been identified. The kinetic study was carried out by non‐isothermal and non‐isoconversional Kissinger method. The activation energies obtained were 110 and 136 kJ · mol −1 for the SSS and BC350, respectively, and are well within the range found for other lignocellulosic materials, such as bagasse and wheat straw. The pre‐exponential factor, in the order of 10 8 , indicated the presence of complex elements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".