Hatchery Manual and Mitigation Actions for the Threatened/Endangered Upper Columbia and Kootenai River stocks of White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1994 the Kootenai River stock of white sturgeon was listed as endangered under the United States? Endangered Species Act, and in 2006 the Upper Columbia River stock of white sturgeon was listed as endangered under Canada?s Species at Risk Act. Both stocks have been placed under a conservation and recovery plan since their listing, including an immediate hatchery mitigation program. The primary reason for their reduction in numbers is a complete recruitment failure caused primarily by anthropogenic changes to their historical spawning grounds. While research is being conducted to determine the exact cause of recruitment failure, hatcheries have begun to produce and release juvenile white sturgeon in an effort to preserve both stocks until a naturally breeding population can be re-established. \n \nThis document covers some of the research into causes of recruitment failure as well as improved techniques for management of hatchery-raised white sturgeon. Special attention was paid to the management practices being conducted at the newest white sturgeon mitigation hatchery operated by the Kootenai Tribe, the Twin Rivers Hatchery. Research on recruitment failure seems to agree that a major factor in the failure is anthropogenic changes to spawning ground substrate. While conservation plans continue to investigate means of re-establishing natural recruitment, hatcheries continue to raise and release juvenile sturgeon to preserve remaining genetic diversity. Well over 100,000 juveniles have been released in each river system starting as early as 1995, and studies are beginning to investigate the success of hatchery-reared sturgeon. \n \nFormat: This paper follows the style and formatting found in the North American Journal of Fisheries Management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".