Repeated expansions and fragmentations linked to Pleistocene climate changes shaped the genetic structure of a woody climber, <i>Actinidia arguta</i> (Actinidiaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The genetic structure of temperate plants was extremely affected by climate changes during the Pleistocene. In East Asia, however, there are a limited number of phylogeography studies of widely distributed species. Actinidia arguta (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. (Actinidiaceae), a widely distributed woody climber, was chosen for this study. Twelve haplotypes were obtained using five chloroplast fragments. No haplotypes were shared on two sides of the Qinling–Dabie mountain ranges, indicating a phylogeographic break. The break was further revealed by analysis of molecular variance, spatial analysis of molecular variance, and ecological niche modelling. The most recent common ancestor of all haplotypes showed that global cooling and aridity of the Asian interior at the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary may triggered this divergence. Two monophyletic lineages (north and south lineage) were revealed by Bayesian phylogeny and the maximum parsimony network. In the north lineage, mismatch analysis indicated an ancient spatial expansion. Distant distribution of closely related haplotypes indicated subsequent allopatric fragmentation. The widespread haplotype H2 implied another significant range expansion. In the south lineage, a considerable rise in sea level of the East China Sea may have triggered population fragmentation. The nested clade analysis also indicated that expansion and allopatric fragmentation were the main processes shaping the haplotype distributions. So, repeated range expansions and fragmentations have shaped the present genetic structure of A. arguta.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".