Influence of Terpolymer Based on Amide, Carboxylic, and Sulfonic Groups on the Barium Sulfate Inhibition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In oilfield production systems, inhibitors are widely used to prevent mineral scale formation, and the most common and efficient way to apply inhibitors downhole is by using squeeze treatments. Polymers are an important class of compounds used as scale inhibitors; however, many specific conditions still require high performance additives. In this work, some ionic copolymers based on acrylamide, maleic acid, and vinyl sulfonic acid were synthesized, characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis, and size exclusion chromatography, and tested regarding barium sulfate prevention. Static inhibition efficiency (IE) was carried out at 95 °C and pH 5.5 for two seawater/formation water volume ratios, i.e. 10/90 and 60/40. The minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) for each polymer was also determined. Polymers containing −COOH, −CONH 2, and −SO 3 H groups exhibited higher efficiency regarding barium sulfate inhibition than those containing only −COOH and −CONH 2, for both saturation ratio. This behavior could be associated with a synergistic effect of carboxylic groups (−COOH), that can interact with barium ions, and acrylamide (−CONH 2 ), which CO can interact with barium ions and NH 2 with sulfate ions. It seems that the vinylsulfonic group contributed to chain flexibity more than to ion interaction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".