Sustainable Production of High-Purity Hydrogen by Sorption Enhanced Steam Reforming of Glycerol over CeO<sub>2</sub>-Promoted Ca<sub>9</sub>Al<sub>6</sub>O<sub>18</sub>–CaO/NiO Bifunctional Material
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present work investigates the sustainable production of high-purity hydrogen through sorption enhanced steam reforming of glycerol (SESRG) over Ca 9 Al 6 O 18 –CaO/ x NiO ( x = 15, 20, and 25 wt %) and Ca 9 Al 6 O 18 –CaO/20NiO– y CeO 2 ( y = 5, 10, and 15 wt %) bifunctional catalyst-sorbent materials. A wet mixing method involving limestone acidification coupled with two-step calcination was employed to prepare the bifunctional materials. Cyclic carbonation/calcination tests revealed that the bifunctional materials promoted with 10 and 15 wt % of CeO 2 possessed an excellent CaO conversion (97% in both cases) and a remarkable cyclic stability (up to 15 cycles). This was mainly attributed to the thin shell-connected structure formed by the addition of CeO 2 and the oxygen mobility characteristic of CeO 2 . The use of Ca 9 Al 6 O 18 –CaO/ x NiO materials in five consecutive SESRG/regeneration cycles revealed that they suffered from fast deactivation mainly due to CaO sintering and coke deposition. Despite the high H 2 purity obtained (∼98%), the prebreakthrough time and hydrogen yield decreased significantly over five cycles. Interestingly, the addition of CeO 2 to the most efficient catalyst (Ca 9 Al 6 O 18 –CaO/20NiO) resulted in a significant improvement in material stability during cyclic operation. The performance of CeO 2 -promoted materials was shown to depend strongly on the CeO 2 content which controlled the number of adjacent Ni active sites, the amount of coke deposition, and the degree of CaO sintering. The bifunctional material promoted with 10 wt % of CeO 2 showed the best performance over five consecutive SESRG/regeneration cycles, with a stable H 2 purity of ∼98%, H 2 yield of ∼91%, and prebreakthrough time of 48 min. The long-term cyclic stability test of Ca 9 Al 6 O 18 –CaO/20NiO–10CeO 2 over 20 cycles exhibited a very stable performance with a H 2 yield of 91% and H 2 purity of 98% within 20 cycles, confirming the high potential of this material for SESRG process.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it