Bibliographic record
Abstract
When, in 1797, Irish republicans in Philadelphia published the constitution of the American Society of United Irishmen, they were keen to enlist not only their fellow countrymen but all supporters of the “rights of mankind,” irrespective of nationality. The cause of liberty, they believed, was indivisible. As citizens of the world, they viewed themselves as part of a struggle that transcended but included the United States—a struggle that pitted them against entrenched elites on both sides of the Atlantic, in counterrevolutionary Britain, Ascendancy Ireland, and Federalist America. Joining Democratic Clubs, establishing their own ethnic organizations, and editing radical newspapers, they became an integral part of the Republican Party, and contributed to Thomas Jefferson's Revolution of 1800. This confluence of the “new immigrants” and “new politics,” argues Maurice J. Bric, broke the American ideal of an “organic and undifferentiated polity,” shattered earlier patterns of deference, and helped to create a new public space characterized by ethnic involvement and popular participation in politics. The change was prefigured in the 1760s with the activities of the Paxton Boys and the Irish challenge to the Quaker leadership in Pennsylvania. But it really got going during the 1790s, during the debates over Genet's mission, Jay's Treaty, the Quasi-War, the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Naturalization Acts. By 1799, the new politics were exemplified by Thomas McKean's election as governor of Pennsylvania, with the Philadelphia Irish in the vanguard.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".