Isochoric, isobaric, and ultrafast conductivities of aluminum, lithium, and carbon in the warm dense matter regime
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study the conductivities $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ of (i) the equilibrium isochoric state ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{is}}$, (ii) the equilibrium isobaric state ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ib}}$, and also the (iii) nonequilibrium ultrafast matter state ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{uf}}$ with the ion temperature ${T}_{i}$ less than the electron temperature ${T}_{e}$. Aluminum, lithium, and carbon are considered, being increasingly complex warm dense matter systems, with carbon having transient covalent bonds. First-principles calculations, i.e., neutral-pseudoatom (NPA) calculations and density-functional theory (DFT) with molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations, are compared where possible with experimental data to characterize ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ic}}$, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ib}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{uf}}$. The NPA ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ib}}$ is closest to the available experimental data when compared to results from DFT with MD simulations, where simulations of about 64--125 atoms are typically used. The published conductivities for Li are reviewed and the value at a temperature of 4.5 eV is examined using supporting x-ray Thomson-scattering calculations. A physical picture of the variations of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ with temperature and density applicable to these materials is given. The insensitivity of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ to ${T}_{e}$ below 10 eV for carbon, compared to Al and Li, is clarified.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".