Du référendum à la sécession – le processus québécois d’accession à la souveraineté et ses enseignements en matière d’autodétermination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
EnglishAs a result of the two referenda on sovereignty held in 1980 and 1995, Quebec has somehow become something of a figurehead for western democracies. It represents a modern developed state seeking national independence, not in time of war or because of serious political oppression, or to end colonial dependence in its territory or rid itself of an antidemocratic political system, but rather and above all by taking this path for cultural, identity, linguistic and economic reasons. In this regard, and notwithstanding the fact that both referenda failed to bring independence, it is still fair to grant the Quebequois nation a pioneering role in terms of recognising the right of minority nations to secede. In adopting this approach, this article looks at the Quebequois process of accessing sovereignty and the lessons that it can offer in terms of self-determination, especially for those who are in favour of Catalan independence. francaisLe Quebec, en raison de ses deux referendums sur la souverainete de 1980 et 1995, fait en quelque sorte figure de proue au sein des democraties occidentales. Voila un Etat moderne et developpe qui tente d’obtenir son independance nationale, non pas en temps de guerre ou pour des raisons d’oppression politique grave, non plus pour mettre un terme a une emprise coloniale sur son territoire ou pour s’affranchir d’un systeme politique antidemocratique, mais bien pour des raisons avant tout culturelles, identitaires, linguistiques et economiques. En ce sens, et malgre les insucces de ses deux tentatives referendaires, il demeure juste d’accorder a la nation quebecoise un role de pionnier en matiere de reconnaissance du droit a la secession des nations minoritaires. Pour en faire etat, nous etudierons dans cet article le processus quebecois d’accession a la souverainete et ses enseignements en matiere d’autodetermination, notamment pour les independantistes catalans.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".