WHITE MATTER DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL COORDINATION DISORDER
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown etiology characterized by poor motor coordination and difficulty learning motor skills. Recent neuroimaging studies report that children with DCD show altered microstructural development in the corticospinal tract, posterior thalamic radiations, posterior corpus callosum, and superior longitudinal fasciculus (Zwicker et al., Pediatr Neurol. 2012:46;162–167; Langevin et al., J Pediatr. 2014:164;1157–1164). These studies are limited to region-of-interest analyses; no studies have examined the whole brain to determine what other pathways may be implicated in DCD. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine whole-brain differences in white matter pathways in children with and without DCD. DESIGN/METHODS: We conducted diffusion tensor brain imaging to compare white matter pathways in 8–12 year old typically-developing children and children diagnosed with DCD as per DSM-5 criteria. Our primary outcome was fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of water diffusion along axons that indirectly reflects white matter microstructure. We used tract-based spatial statistics to compare the two groups, with age and attention scores on the Conners-3 ADHD Index as covariates. Pearson correlation coefficients examined the relationship between FA and total motor scores on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2). RESULTS: To date, we have recruited 27 typically-developing children and 31 children with DCD. Results reveal that, compared to typically-developing children, children with DCD show poorer microstructural development in the thalamo-cortical pathway, posterior limb of the internal capsule, corticospinal tract, and cerebellar peduncles. Lower FA in these brain regions is significantly associated with poorer scores on the MABC-2 (r = 0.36–0.51, all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Children with DCD show altered microstructural development in sensorimotor pathways, which correlates with poorer motor function. The next phase of research is to determine if improvements in motor skills with rehabilitation intervention is associated with changes in brain microstructure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".