Consecutive Removal of Hazardous Dyes from Aqueous Solutions by Composite hydrogels Based on Rice Straw
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The composite hydrogels based on rice straw (RS) and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) or acrylamide (AAm) were successfully prepared by gamma irradiation. The effect of the radiation dose and the monomer content on the gel percent was studied. The composite hydrogels were confirmed by (FTIR), (TGA) and (SEM). It was found that the diffusion of water into the prepared composites was Fickian character. The removal of congo red (CR) and methyl orange (MO) dyes by (NVP/RS) and (AAm/RS) composite hydrogels were investigated as a function of the pH, contact time, initial dye concentration solution and temperature. It was achieved that the adsorption capacity of (NVP/RS) composite hydrogel towards (CR) and (MO) was higher than (AAm/RS) one. The kinetic data was tested by the pseudo-first-order and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The adsorption isotherm was closely fitted with the Freundlich model for adsorption of CR and MO onto (NVP/RS) and the Langmuir model for adsorption of the dyes onto (AAm/RS). A high adsorption capacity was obtained in the second adsorption cycle of MO onto the composite hydrogels loaded with CR. Improvement in the adsorption of MO onto (NVP/RS) and (AAm/ RS) composite hydrogels loaded with Co(II).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".