106 Spirometric Pulmonary Function in 3- to 5-Year-Old Children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Forced expiratory maneuvers are routinely used in asthmatic children 6 years of age and older for the diagnosis and follow-up of respiratory disease. To establish normative data for forced spirometry in healthy 3 to 5 years old children in our population. Caucasian children aged between 3 and 5 years without acute or chronic respiratory disease were tested in 11 different daycare centers representative of the population of our region. Measurements were obtained by two respiratory therapists with pediatric experience in May and June. Each child had a maximum of 15 minutes to achieve 3 technically acceptable and reproducible efforts. Validity of the curves was determined by two pediatric respirologists and one respiratory therapist. Usual parameters, including FEV1, FVC and PEF, were measured and analyzed in relation to sex, age, height and weight. In addition, due to the relative frequency of expiratory maneuvers lasting one second or less, the same analysis was performed for FEV0.5 and FEV0.75 (i.e., forced expiratory volume at 0.5 and 0.75 seconds respectively). One hundred forty four children were tested, including 75 girls (52%) and 69 boys (48%). Twenty-three were 3 years old, 56 were 4 years old and 64 were 5 years old. In all, 127 (88%) children were able to perform at least two valid expiratory maneuvers, including 83% of the children at 3 years, 86% at 4 years and 94% at 5 years (not significantly different). Analysis using a linear regression model showed that height was the most satisfactory predictor of FEV1 (FEV1=–0.978+0.02×height, r=0.67), FEV0.75 (FEV0.75=–0.822+0.017×height, r=0.63) and FEV0.5 (FEV0.5=–0.568+0.014×height, r = 0.56). Similar results were obtained for the other parameters measured. Reproducibility of FEV1 was very high, with the difference being less than 10% in all children and less than 5% in 85% of the children. Most healthy 3 to 5 years old children in our population can perform valid forced expiratory maneuvers. Consistent with other studies, we found that height is the most important single predictor of FEV1. This is the first study to establish normal values for FEV0.5 and FEV0.75. Further studies are in progress to validate the hypothesis that forced spirometry can be used to detect and follow respiratory diseases in the same age group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".