Plywood adhesives derived from distillers' dried grains with solubles (<scp>DDGS</scp>) incorporating 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a byproduct of corn ethanol production, are currently used primarily as an alternative animal feed thanks to its high protein content and low cost. Previous research has developed a protein‐based bioadhesive from DDGS. However, the adhesive does not possess the appropriate properties to compete with synthetic adhesives and other bio‐based adhesives. In this study, a bioadhesive is prepared from DDGS and hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) is incorporated to improve the bonding strength and moisture resistance. The greatest increase in lap‐shear strength was observed in the adhesive containing 50% of the acrylic resin. Water resistance was absent from the original DDGS adhesive, but established upon the inclusion of HEA. HEA was found to self‐polymerize under the hot‐pressing conditions and form a co‐continuous phase with the protein adhesive derived from DDGS. The strength of the adhesives was adequate for bonding plywood panels. More work must be done to further enhance the performance of the adhesives for wider applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45689.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".