Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Deregulation of protecting factor signaling actions in podocytes has emerged as an alternative pathway of podocyte injury mechanisms. Here, we review recent knowledge that highlighted how podocyte protecting factors are modulated by protein phosphatases. RECENT FINDINGS: Protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases participate in many, if not all, aspects of cellular function by turning on or off multiple signaling cascades and podocytes are no exception. Modulation of tyrosine residue phosphorylation of podocyte factors such as nephrin, vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin receptors and substrates has been shown to promote podocyte damage and cell death that contributed to multiple glomerular diseases. Protein phosphatase activity can cause either an increase [Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP-2)] or a decrease [Protein tyrosine phosphatase1B (PTP1B), SHP-1 and SH2 domain-containing 5'-inositol phosphatase 2 (SHIP2)] in nephrin tyrosine phosphorylation depending on which podocyte injury model was used. Insulin resistance is closely linked to the development and progression of renal disease. Expression of PTP1B, SHP-1, phosphatase and tensin homolog and SHIP2 are potential mechanisms of podocytes insulin resistance in diabetic kidney disease. SUMMARY: Tight regulation of protein phosphatases is critical to maintain cell homeostasis and may offer new perceptive targets to restore protecting factor actions in order to prevent podocyte dysfunction and glomerular diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".