Solid Fluoride Electrolytes and Their Composite with Carbon: Issues and Challenges for Rechargeable Solid State Fluoride-Ion Batteries
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Solid-state batteries relying on fluoride-ion shuttle are still at their early stage of development. Assessing the fluoride solid electrolyte’s electrochemical stability and its conduction properties in a mixture with carbon, as well as the possible interaction of fluoride-ion with carbon both during the electrode preparation and upon electrochemical reactions, are mandatory to enable future practical applications. Here, we discuss these points using LaF 3 doped with BaF 2 (La 0.95 Ba 0.05 F 2.95, LBF) as a benchmark solid fluoride electrolyte. We establish that lithium may be used as a pseudoreference electrode to assess the electrochemical stability window of LBF and support the experiment with thermodynamic calculations. We demonstrate the chemical compatibility of LBF with carbon upon ball-milling and investigate the electrical conductivity of the formed LBF-C composite. We use a LBF|LBF-C|LBF cell (in this configuration, LBF serves as electronically blocking electrode) to assess the ionic conductivity of the LBF-C composite. The results confirm that both electronic and ionic percolations are ensured within the LBF-C composite despite a noticeable decrease of the ionic conductivity. Finally, we use a Li|LBF|LBF-C cell to evaluate the electrochemical fluorination of the carbon in the LBF-C composite. Our results suggest an electrochemical activity of carbon with fluoride ions. The possible interactions of carbon with fluorides to form insulating carbon fluoride (CF x ) must be considered when determining the operating voltage of FIBs.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it