The redundancy of the concept of ‘spirit of sport’ in discussions on the prohibited list of doping substances
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Doping is defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency as the occurrence of an anti-doping rule violation. These violations are mainly materialised by the content of the Prohibited List International Standard. A substance or method may be put on the prohibited list if it meets any two of the following three criteria: (1) the potential to enhance sport performance; (2) representing a potential health risk to the athlete; and (3) a determination that it violates the ‘spirit of sport’. The concept of the ‘spirit of sport’ is explained in the fundamental rationale for the World Anti-Doping Code. This means that the decision that doping violates a fundamental principle of sport has already been made. One may not agree with this decision, but apparently there is some ‘spirit of sport’ that is deemed worthy of protection. As such, this concept is present in all anti-doping rules and regulations, and also in all discussions on the Prohibited List. But this concept is subsequently offered as a potential criterion to add substances or methods to the prohibited list as well. It is unsatisfactory to call something both fundamental and optional. It is proposed in this article to eliminate the ‘spirit of sport’ clause as an optional criterion in the determination whether a substance should be prohibited or not. This will focus discussions regarding the contents of the Prohibited List on the potentially performance-enhancing and health risk properties, which will guide doping-related discussions towards the core of what the concept of ‘doping’ should be.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.024 | 0.030 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.033 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.015 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.019 | 0.028 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".