Glucagon-like peptide-1 levels and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity in type 2 diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose Hyperglycemia is the major risk factor for microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This randomized controlled clinical trial aimed to investigate T2DM patients with microvascular complications with regard to possible relations among serum clusterin (CLU), amylin, secreted frizzled-related protein-4 (SFRP-4), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) activities. Methods Subject groups were defined as follows: T2DM without complications (n=25, F/M=9/16, age 53.9±11.1 years); T2DM+Retinopathy (n=25, F/M=13/12, age 63.8±7.1 years); T2DM+Nephropathy (n=25, F/M=13/12, age 58.7±14.4 years); T2DM+Neuropathy (n=25, F/M=15/10, age 63.2±9.6 years); and healthy control subjects (HC) (n=25). CLU, amylin, SFRP-4, DPP-4 and GLP-1 (total and active) activities were measured and compared in blood samples from type 2 diabetic patients with and without microvascular complications. Results Significantly lower levels of DPP-4 and GLP-1total (P<0.005 and P<0.001, respectively) and higher levels of SFRP-4 were measured in subjects with T2DM in comparison with HC (P<0.05). Serum CLU, amylin and GLP-1active levels were similar between HC and T2DM patients. Patients with T2DM+microvascular complications had significantly higher DPP-4 and GLP-1total levels when compared with T2DM patients without complications (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). Regardless of the other features, in all patients with T2DM-associated microvascular complications, a positive correlation was evident between DPP-4 activity and GLP-1total (r=0.290; P<0.01). Conclusions DPP-4 activity and GLP-1total levels were higher in patients with microvascular complications associated with T2DM. Contrary to expectations, no negative correlation was seen between GLP-1 and DDP-4 levels. This result suggests the possible inefficacy of DDP-4 activity as a marker to predict in vivo degradation of endogenous GLP-1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".