Heterogeneity between Two α Subunits of α<sub>2</sub>β<sub>2</sub> Human Hemoglobin and O<sub>2</sub> Binding Properties: Raman, <sup>1</sup>H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Terahertz Spectra
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Following a previous detailed investigation of the β subunit of α 2 β 2 human adult hemoglobin (Hb A), this study focuses on the α subunit by using three natural valency hybrid α(Fe 2+ -deoxy/O 2 )β(Fe 3+ ) hemoglobin M (Hb M) in which O 2 cannot bind to the β subunit: Hb M Hyde Park (β92His → Tyr), Hb M Saskatoon (β63His → Tyr), and Hb M Milwaukee (β67Val → Glu). In contrast with the β subunit that exhibited a clear correlation between O 2 affinity and Fe 2+ –His stretching frequencies, the Fe 2+ –His stretching mode of the α subunit gave two Raman bands only in the T quaternary structure. This means the presence of two tertiary structures in α subunits of the α 2 β 2 tetramer with T structure, and the two structures seemed to be nondynamical as judged from terahertz absorption spectra in the 5–30 cm –1 region of Hb M Milwaukee, α(Fe 2+ -deoxy)β(Fe 3+ ). This kind of heterogeneity of α subunits was noticed in the reported spectra of a metal hybrid Hb A like α(Fe 2+ -deoxy)β(Co 2+ ) and, therefore, seems to be universal among α subunits of Hb A. Unexpectedly, the two Fe–His frequencies were hardly changed with a large alteration of O 2 affinity by pH change, suggesting no correlation of frequency with O 2 affinity for the α subunit. Instead, a new Fe 2+ –His band corresponding to the R quaternary structure appeared at a higher frequency and was intensified as the O 2 affinity increased. The high-frequency counterpart was also observed for a partially O 2 -bound form, α(Fe 2+ -deoxy)α(Fe 2+ -O 2 )β(Fe 3+ )β(Fe 3+ ), of the present Hb M, consistent with our previous finding that binding of O 2 to one α subunit of T structure α 2 β 2 tetramer changes the other α subunit to the R structure.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it