NAFTA Chapter 11: Are the Dispute Resolution Procedures Worth the Investment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
I. CHAPTER ELEVEN OF NAFTA N 1994, the negotiations between Mexico, Canada, and the United States ended as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect.1 NAFTA, in its act of eliminating most barriers to trade and investment between Mexico, Canada, and the United States, sought to encourage foreign investment by stabilizing economic activity among the three countries.2 One way NAFTA sought to accomplish such a goal was through its Chapter Eleven provisions, providing rights and protections to investors looking to extend their investment activities into one of the three foreign countries.3 Chapter Eleven of NAFTA allows corporations and investors to bring state-investor claims in confidential arbitration tribunals if they believe a country's government issued a conflicting regulation or decision that negatively impacts their investment in that particular country.4 This particular chapter was designed to protect foreign investment transactions while providing for efficient resolution to investment-related disputes.5 Historically, arbitration was favored by industrialized nations and disfavored by developing ones, who usually find themselves coerced and pressured into accepting arbitration as the sole means for resolving disputes.6 In fact, during initial negotiations for NAFFA, Canada was seeking the more independent dispute resolution body integrated into the Canada United States Free Trade Agreement (CUFTA).7 But as we see *Natalie
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.026 | 0.047 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.017 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".