Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Portuguese Pregnant Women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Breastfeeding is consistently associated to both maternal and child well-being. Breastfeeding confidence is an important variable influencing breastfeeding success. Antenatal breastfeeding confidence has been shown to predict intention to breastfeed. Breastfeeding self-efficacy refers to a mother’s confidence in her ability to breastfeed. The Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) has been used to measure mother’s confidence in her ability to breastfeed. The BSES-SF has been used postnatally but preliminary evidence suggests that it can also be used antenatally to identify pregnant women at-risk of requiring additional breastfeeding support. Methods The purpose of this study was to analyse the association between the antenatal BSES-SF and Portuguese maternal demographic variables, as well as between BSES-SF and breastfeeding status at 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum. Pregnant women from 30 to 34 weeks gestation were recruited to the study and administered the baseline questionnaire that included sociodemographic questions and BSES-SF. Follow-up questionnaires were sent by email at 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum. The differences on the breastfeeding self-efficacy were analyzed according to maternal demographic variables using Student’s t-test for independent samples and one-way ANOVA. Predictive validity of breastfeeding self-efficacy was studied analysing both BSES-SF mean scores and breastfeeding exclusivity at 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum. Results Antenatal BSES-SF scores are associated with women’s parity, educational level, time they intend to breastfeed, and previous breastfeeding experience. Also, antenatal BSES-SF scores significantly predicted exclusive breastfeeding at 1 month postpartum. Conclusions Results show that using BSES-SF antenatally can help identify pregnant women at higher risk to prematurely discontinuing breastfeeding and who may require additional intervention from health providers to ensure breastfeeding success. Key messages: Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form scores showed a significant relationship between antenatal BSES-SF and exclusive breastfeeding at 1 month postpartum. The use of Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form antenatally can help identify pregnant women at higher risk to prematurely discontinuing breastfeeding.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".