Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Methylene Blue Degradation Using Reactive Adsorption and Its Comparison with Adsorption
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Granular activated carbon doped with iron (Fe-GAC) was prepared and methylene blue (MB) removal efficiency was tested using reactive adsorption (Fe-GAC/H 2 O 2 ) and adsorption (Fe-GAC). The color removal efficiencies of Fe-GAC/H 2 O 2 and Fe-GAC were found to be 94% and 25%, respectively, in 3 h at 30 °C. The higher MB removal was achieved because of hydroxyl radical-induced oxidative degradation in the presence of Fe-GAC/H 2 O 2 at natural pH. MB removal rate using reactive adsorption (0.015 min –1 ) was much faster than adsorption (0.004 min –1 ). Thermodynamic parameters revealed that enthalpy change was approximately one-third for reactive adsorption as that for adsorption, indicating reactive adsorption to be superior. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis showed that reactive degradation of MB molecule followed demethylation and hydroxylation processes. The process of reactive adsorption was further investigated by identifying compounds using desorption from spent Fe-GAC through ESI-MS. Recovery and identification of such degraded compounds may be commercially attractive. An oxidative degradation pathway and a reactive adsorption scheme have been proposed.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it