Effect of Soil Displacement Rate and Complex Loading on Soil-Pipe Interaction: A Physical Prototype Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Buried pipeline systems may traverse sections in moving soil masses. Large strains may be accumulated in buried pipes under long-term ground movements, and it may affect the performance of the pipes. It is a common practice in that a stress relief procedure is applied to the pipe by removing the soil around the pipe to allow the pipe to spring back to its initial state. Pipeline engineers and designers need to assess the frequency of stress relief to maintain the integrity of the pipeline to prolong its operation. The frequency of applying necessary remediation measures depend on; the rate of soil displacement, soil-pipe interaction, severity of loading, and soil conditions. A physical model has been designed and fabricated to investigate these critical effects on soil-pipe interaction. This model comprises a steel circular soil chamber (1.5 m in diameter and 1.2 m in height) rested on a rail system, and a steel pipe (150–300 mm in diameter) being embedded in a compacted soil inside the chamber. This system has unique features: (i) facilitating the pipe be subjected to relative displacements in complex oblique (combined longitudinal-transverse) loading, (ii) simulating the low soil displacement rates in the field (50 mm per year), and (iii) testing of different soil types. Test results obtained from this research program will be used to evaluate the existing guidelines (e.g., American Lifelines Alliance (ALA) and Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI)).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".