Expression of Disialoganglioside (GD2) in Neuroblastic Tumors: A Prognostic Value for Patients Treated With Anti-GD2 Immunotherapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, a malignant neoplasm of the sympathetic nervous system, is one of the most aggressive pediatric cancers. Patients with stage IV high-risk neuroblastoma receive an intensive multimodal therapy ending with an immunotherapy based on a chimeric monoclonal antibody ch14.18. Although the use of ch14.18 monoclonal antibody has significantly increased the survival rate of high-risk neuroblastoma patients, about 33% of these patients still relapse and die from their disease. Ch14.18 targets the disialoganglioside, GD2, expressed on neuroblastic tumor (NT) cells. To better understand the causes of tumor relapse following ch14.18 immunotherapy, we have analyzed the expression of GD2 in 152 tumor samples from patients with NTs using immunohistochemical stainings. We observed GD2 expression in 146 of 152 samples (96%); however, the proportion of GD2-positive cells varied among samples. Interestingly, low percentage of GD2-positive cells before immunotherapy was associated with relapse in patients receiving ch14.18 immunotherapy. In addition, we demonstrated in vitro that the sensitivity of neuroblastoma cell lines to natural killer-mediated lysis was dependent on the proportion of GD2-positive cells, in the presence of ch14.18 antibody. In conclusion, our results indicate that the proportion of tumor cells expressing GD2 in NTs should be taken in consideration, as a prognostic marker, for high-risk neuroblastoma patients receiving anti-GD2 immunotherapy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".