Effect of vacuum UV irradiation on the concentration of dissolved cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study investigated the capability of vacuum UV to reduce the concentration of cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) using low-pressure Hg lamps emitting 185 nm and 254 nm light. A collimated beam setup was used to irradiate samples of MC-LR solutions prepared in Milli-Q® water. The impact of competing water compounds was tested using solutions containing dissolved organic carbon (DOC), alkalinity (NaHCO3), and chloride (NaCl). Results showed that MC-LR in pure water at typical concentrations found in cyanobacterial bloom waters (17 and 40 μg/L) could be reduced below detection limits (0.5 μg/L) within one minute of irradiation time by a UV dose less than 40 mJ/cm2. A solution with a much higher initial concentration of MC-LR (870 μg/L) did show a reduced degradation rate. The presence of competing compounds does appear to reduce observed MC-LR degradation rates with the greatest impact caused by DOC followed by alkalinity followed by chloride. MC-LR degradation appears to occur by both direct photolysis by 254 nm photons and by advanced oxidation by hydroxyl radicals generated from 185 nm photons. Vacuum UV has shown promising capability at reducing MC-LR concentration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".