A magneto-optical study on magnetic flux expulsion and pinning in high-purity niobium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The magnetic flux trapped inside high-purity niobium samples after field cooling was investigated by indirect magneto-optical imaging using an indicator film. The detected magnetic field was compared with the field present during the phase transition, and the distribution of trapped flux was investigated. The measurements were performed on an untreated sample cut from an ingot and a sample that was heated at 1400 °C for 4 h. For untreated niobium, the trapped flux was found to be homogeneously distributed and almost all applied field during phase transition was trapped. In contrast, the heat treated niobium showed significantly reduced trapping. Neither did the grain boundaries play a major role as pinning centers nor did the crystal orientation influence the amount of trapped flux significantly, which is contrary to recent assumptions. However, niobium hydrides, which formed during the cool-down-stage to cryogenic temperatures, were found to enhance trapping considerably.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".