Systematically Optimized Bilayered Electron Transport Layer for Highly Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells (η = 21.1%)
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding and controlling interfacial charge transfer at the heterojunction of optoelectronic devices is currently receiving extensive interest. Here, we study the parameters that can influence the electron extraction in planar perovskite solar cells (P-PSCs) using spin-coated SnO 2 and TiO 2, anodized-TiO 2 (a-TiO 2 ), and bilayered electron transport layers (ETL) composed of SnO 2 and TiO 2 or SnO 2 on a-TiO 2 (SnO 2 @a-TiO 2 ). These are the varied free energy difference (Δ G ) values between the ETL and perovskites, electron mobility (μ e ) of the ETL, and quality of physical contact between the ETL and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). Among the various ETLs, the bilayered ETL (SnO 2 @a-TiO 2 ) gives a large Δ G as well as defect-free physical contact. The resulting P-PSC exhibits a PCE of 21.1% and stabilized efficiency of 20.2% with reduced hysteresis. This result emphasizes that a large free energy difference (Δ G ) value plays an important role in electron extraction. More importantly, the defect-free physical contact is also crucial for achieving improved electron extraction.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it