Systematically Optimized Bilayered Electron Transport Layer for Highly Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells (η = 21.1%)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding and controlling interfacial charge transfer at the heterojunction of optoelectronic devices is currently receiving extensive interest. Here, we study the parameters that can influence the electron extraction in planar perovskite solar cells (P-PSCs) using spin-coated SnO 2 and TiO 2, anodized-TiO 2 (a-TiO 2 ), and bilayered electron transport layers (ETL) composed of SnO 2 and TiO 2 or SnO 2 on a-TiO 2 (SnO 2 @a-TiO 2 ). These are the varied free energy difference (Δ G ) values between the ETL and perovskites, electron mobility (μ e ) of the ETL, and quality of physical contact between the ETL and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). Among the various ETLs, the bilayered ETL (SnO 2 @a-TiO 2 ) gives a large Δ G as well as defect-free physical contact. The resulting P-PSC exhibits a PCE of 21.1% and stabilized efficiency of 20.2% with reduced hysteresis. This result emphasizes that a large free energy difference (Δ G ) value plays an important role in electron extraction. More importantly, the defect-free physical contact is also crucial for achieving improved electron extraction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".