Removal of Soluble Phosphorus from Surface Water Using Iron (Fe–Fe) and Aluminum (Al–Al) Electrodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The removal of soluble phosphorus using iron and aluminum electrodes was studied in water samples from the Red River, a hyper-eutrophic stream in Winnipeg, Canada. Four trials were conducted: (I) mixed batch with 150–900 mA applied for 1 min to 1 L, (II) stagnant batch with 600–900 mA applied for 1 min to 1 L, and (III and IV) continuously stirred-tank reactor with 6.25–10 min hydraulic retention times and constant 900 mA. Maximum soluble phosphorus removals of 70–80% were observed in mixed batch, and there was no significant difference between aluminum and iron electrodes ( P value of 0.0526–0.9487). Aluminum electrodes performed significantly worse than iron electrodes under higher hydraulic loads, with iron removing >70% soluble phosphorus and aluminum <40% ( P values of 0.0035–0.0143). The estimated cost of consumables, reported per million liters of water treated, to remove 70% soluble phosphorus from eutrophic waters with 0.35 g m –3 soluble phosphorus would include 5–17.5 USD electricity costs and material costs of 5.3–12.2 USD for iron and 39.2 USD for aluminum.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".