Sediment loading of alpine debris-flow channels by snow avalanches, Canadian Rocky Mountains
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measurements of sediment deposition by snow avalanches were carried out in five alpine debris-flow channels in the Canadian Rocky Mountains after five or six winters by employing on average 15–29 sampling polygons in each channel. Following the melting of the avalanche snow each summer, the sediment deposited inside each polygon was collected, weighed, and converted to a depth of deposition. The results show that deposition in the channels averages 0.09–0.38 cm a−1, with an overall average of 0.19 cm a−1 for the five channels. Most of this deposition is contributed by weak clastic rocks in the basins but the largest particles are derived from much stronger carbonate rocks. Taking into account the channel area over which the measurements were made and the basin area, the measured sediment depths are equivalent to 8.3–36.4 m3 a−1 of deposition per channel or 10.9–311.7 t km−2 a−1 basin sediment yield. For the five channels, the overall averages are 16.4 m3 a−1 and 95.8 t km−2 a−1, respectively. On average 8–38% of polygons in each channel had no sediment deposition after a winter, reflecting the high spatial variability of avalanche sediment deposition. Comparison of debris-flow volumes and return periods with the measured annual volumes of sediment deposition suggests that avalanches are by themselves incapable of loading these channels for debris flows, and other processes such as rockfall, creep and streamflow also play a role. The most important role of avalanches may be as a hillslope-channel coupling mechanism in the sediment cascade and to assist in debris-flow bulking on the fan.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".