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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The pyrochlore magnet ${\mathrm{Yb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ has been proposed as a quantum spin ice candidate, a spin liquid state expected to display emergent quantum electrodynamics with gauge photons among its elementary excitations. However, ${\mathrm{Yb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$'s ground state is known to be very sensitive to its precise stoichiometry. Powder samples, produced by solid-state synthesis at relatively low temperatures, tend to be stoichiometric, while single crystals grown from the melt tend to display weak ``stuffing'' wherein $\ensuremath{\sim}2%$ of the ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$, normally at the $A$ site of the ${A}_{2}{B}_{2}{\text{O}}_{7}$ pyrochlore structure, reside as well at the $B$ site. In such samples ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ ions should exist in defective environments at low levels and be subjected to crystalline electric fields very different from those at the stoichiometric $A$ sites. Neutron scattering measurements of ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ in four compositions of ${\mathrm{Yb}}_{2+x}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}y}$ show the spectroscopic signatures for these defective ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ ions and explicitly demonstrate that the spin anisotropy of the ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ moment changes from $XY$-like for stoichiometric ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ to Ising-like for ``stuffed'' $B$ site ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ or for $A$ site ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ in the presence of oxygen vacancies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.009 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.591 | 0.015 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".