Good Things Are Not Eternal: How Consideration Leadership and Initiating Structure Influence the Dynamic Nature of Organizational Justice and Extra-Role Behaviors at the Collective Level
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the linear and curvilinear influence of initiating structure (IS) and consideration leadership on the variability of extra-role behaviors over time, through the mediating effect of within-store level of distributive (DJ) and procedural justice (PJ). Data from 1,857 employees in 116 business units of a Canadian retailer collected over four waves were analyzed using random coefficient modeling. Our results show that IS and consideration have significant linear and curvilinear effects on within-unit PJ and DJ climates over time, and an indirect influence on the within-unit variability of extra-role behaviors through the mediating effect of DJ and PJ climates. Results underline the complexity of the effects of both leadership dimensions on PJ and DJ climates. While consideration is associated with an increase of both justice climates over time, low and high levels of IS are associated with a decrease in PJ climate over time, and a moderate level of IS was related to an increase of PJ climate. Moreover, the positive effects of leadership behaviors on extra-role behaviors shift completely after a certain time threshold. Surprisingly, while unit-level extra-role behaviors increased over time under high structure leadership, such behaviors decreased under high consideration. Finally, the results showed that the positive influence of PJ and DJ climates on unit-level extra-role behaviors decreases over time, and that low fairness units experience a more dramatic decrease of extra-role behaviors with time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".