Analysis of cadmium in sodium hypochlorite solutions by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry test: a preliminary study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: The literature reports that Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to human body and dental tissues. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigating solutions used in root canal treatment are composed of several metals. However, there is no study regarding the presence of Cd in these solutions. This study aimed to verify the existence of Cd on 2.5% NaOCl solutions proceeding from different origins, being to date the first of the kind.Methods: Three solutions of 2.5% NaOCl from different origins were assessed in relation to the chlorine content and the presence/amount (mg/L) of cadmium by the Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV) test. Oxidation-Reduction Titration (OR) method was performed to quantify the available chlorine. The types of NaOCl solutions were from: i) hand manipulated at a pharmacy, ii) industrialized and commercialized at a dental supply store and iii) industrialized and commercialized at a grocery supermarket.Results : The ASV test showed the amount of cadmium was 0.14mg/L for solutions coming from the pharmacy and the supermarket, and 0.13 mg/L for the solution coming from the dental supply store. OR method found the following amount of available chlorine: 1.15% and 1.52% and 2.24% NaOCl for solutions proceeding from the pharmacy, dental supply store and supermarket, respectively.Conclusion : All samples presented levels of Cd above the permissible limits stated by the legislation from where the study was conducted (0.01 mg/L).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".