Anticholinergic Burden and Cognition in Older Patients With Schizophrenia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Older individuals with schizophrenia are at risk of being treated with anticholinergic medications due to the prevalence of medical comorbidities and polypharmacy. High anticholinergic burden impairs cognition and is a risk factor for Alzheimer's dementia. Thus, we assessed the impact of anticholinergic burden on Alzheimer's dementia-related and schizophrenia-related cognitive functions in older patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Anticholinergic burden was measured using the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden scale (ACB) in 60 community-dwelling patients aged ≥ 50 years who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia between May 2007 and November 2011. Cognitive domains affected early in the course of Alzheimer's dementia were assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) Alzheimer's Dementia Battery and the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Two CANTAB tests of executive function were used to assess deficits common in schizophrenia. Regression analyses were used to assess the relationships between anticholinergic burden and cognition. A receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to determine an ACB cutoff score to identify those at risk of cognitive impairment. RESULTS: ACB scores were associated with spatial working (P = .04) and immediate (P = .004) memory and visuospatial ability (P = .02) and showed a trend toward association with impaired learning (P = .06), but were not associated with attention, executive function, language, or reaction time. An ACB cutoff score of ≤ 1.5 can detect cognitive impairment with a sensitivity of 90.3% and specificity of 48.3%. CONCLUSIONS: High anticholinergic burden contributes to specific cognitive deficits in older individuals with schizophrenia that resemble those commonly observed early in the course of Alzheimer's dementia. The ACB is a potentially useful screening tool that can help identify patients at risk of developing anticholinergic-related cognitive impairment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".