Molecular basis of selective resistance of the bumblebee BiNa <sub>v</sub> 1 sodium channel to tau-fluvalinate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Significance Voltage-gated sodium channels are targeted by pyrethroids, which make up one of the largest classes of insecticides used globally for controlling human disease vectors and agricultural pests. Various pyrethroids can exhibit widely different toxicities on insect species. Most notably, bees are highly sensitive to most pyrethroids, but are resistant to tau-fluvalinate, a highly selective pyrethroid used to control varroa mites in beehives worldwide. However, the mechanism underlying bumblebee resistance to tau-fluvalinate remains elusive. Using mutagenesis, computer modeling of pyrethroid-receptor sites, and phylogenetic clues of sodium channel sequences, we uncovered bee-specific sodium channel residues that underlie species-specific pyrethroid selectivity. This finding could spur future development of a new generation of safer pyrethroids that selectively target pests, but not beneficial species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".