Social Consequences of Securitizing Citizenship: Two-Tiered Citizenry and Anti-Immigrant Attitudes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In response to the rise in terrorism after the turn of the millennium, multiculturalist countries such as Australia, Britain and Canada introduced policies that make it easier to revoke the citizenships of dual nationals. These policies primarily target naturalized immigrants and their descendants. Ongoing debates indicate that more countries plan to follow suit. Some scholars argue that easy revocation policies create two-tiered political communities, where one group of citizens have a stronger status security than the other. This study builds on their perspectives, and argues that majority members should be more likely to hold anti-immigrant attitudes in countries where state policies discriminate against citizens in terms of status security. To test this hypothesis, this study employs multilevel regression analysis. Data come from European Values Study (2008), European Social Survey (2014), and Eurobarometer (2015), and cover thirty European countries. Findings offer support for the proposed hypothesis. In countries where immigrants have low status security, majority members are more likely to have negative attitudes toward immigrants. The results hold not only for immigrants in general but also for Muslim immigrants in particular. Résumé: En réponse à la montée du terrorisme après le tournant du millénaire, des pays multiculturalistes tels que l'Australie, la Grande-Bretagne et le Canada ont mis sur pied des politiques qui rendent plus facile la révocation de la citoyenneté des doubles nationalités. Ces politiques visent prioritairement les immigrants naturalisés et leurs descendants. Les débats en cours soutiennent que plus de pays prévoient d’appliquer la même politique. Certains chercheurs affirment que les politiques de révocation faciles créent des communautés politiques à deux niveaux, où un groupe de citoyens a un statut de sécurité plus rigide que l'autre. Cette étude s'appuie sur leur point de vue et postule que la majorité des membres serait plus susceptible d’avoir des attitudes anti-immigrantes dans les pays où les politiques de l'État discriminent les citoyens en termes de statut de sécurité. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, cette étude se sert d’une analyse de régression à plusieurs niveaux. Les données proviennent de <i>European Values Study</i> (2008), <i>European Social Survey</i> (2014) et <i>Eurobarometer</i> (2015), et couvrent trente pays européens. Les résultats corroborent l'hypothèse proposée. Dans les pays où les immigrants ont un faible statut de sécurité, la majorité des membres est plus susceptible d'avoir des attitudes négatives à l'égard des immigrants. Les résultats concernent non seulement les immigrants en général, mais aussi les immigrants musulmans en particulier.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".